Microbial NAD metabolism: lessons from comparative genomics.
Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR
confidence
Key findings
Review of microbial NAD metabolism and biosynthesis pathways; no clinical or biological endpoints reported.
View source on PubMed (PMID 19721089) ↗
- Sample size
- Not reported
- Population
- Microorganisms (bacteria)
- Dosing
- Not reported
- Duration
- Not reported
- Route
- Not reported
- Blinding
- not_reported
- Controls
- not_reported
- Drug class
- coenzyme
Full abstract
NAD is a coenzyme for redox reactions and a substrate of NAD-consuming enzymes, including ADP-ribose transferases, Sir2-related protein lysine deacetylases, and bacterial DNA ligases. Microorganisms that synthesize NAD from as few as one to as many as five of the six identified biosynthetic precursors have been identified. De novo NAD synthesis from aspartate or tryptophan is neither universal nor strictly aerobic. Salvage NAD synthesis from nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide riboside, and nicotinic acid riboside occurs via modules of different genes. Nicotinamide salvage genes nadV and pncA, found in distinct bacteria, appear to have spread throughout the tree of life via horizontal gene transfer. Biochemical, genetic, and genomic analyses have advanced to the point at which the precursors and pathways utilized by a microorganism can be predicted. Challenges remain in dissecting regulation of pathways.